What I need to know about Diarrhea

Contents

• What is diarrhea?
• What other symptoms accompany diarrhea?
• What is dehydration?
• Who gets diarrhea?
• What causes diarrhea?
• When should I talk to a doctor?
• What tests might be done?
• How is diarrhea treated?
• Points to Remember
• For More Information
• Acknowledgments

What is diarrhea?

Diarrhea means that you have a change in your bowel movements and pass unusually loose stools. Stool is what is left after your digestive system (stomach, small intestine, and colon) absorbs nutrients and fluids from what you eat and drink. Stool passes out of the body through the rectum. If fluids are not absorbed, or if your digestive system produces extra fluids, stools will be loose and watery. Loose stools are larger than usual. People with diarrhea often have frequent bowel movements and may pass more than a quart of watery stool a day.

What other symptoms accompany diarrhea?

People who have diarrhea may also have

• crampy pain in the abdomen, the area between the chest and the hips
• swelling in the abdomen
• an uncomfortable feeling around the anus
• an urgent need to have a bowel movement
• an inability to control their bowels (fecal incontinence)
• chills
• fever

Also, people with diarrhea may feel sick to their stomach or be dehydrated.

What is dehydration?

Dehydration means that your body does not have enough fluid to work properly. Every time you breathe out, sweat, urinate, or have a bowel movement, you lose fluid. Diarrhea increases the amount of fluid lost in bowel movements. Along with the fluid, you lose salts-chemicals that your body needs to work properly. The loss of fluids and salts can be serious, especially for babies and young children and for older people.

The signs of dehydration in adults are

• being thirsty
• urinating less often than usual
• having dark-colored urine
• having dry skin
• feeling tired or dizzy
• fainting

In addition, the kidneys could stop working.

The signs of dehydration in babies and young children are

• having a dry mouth and tongue
• crying without tears
• having no wet diapers for 3 hours or more
• having a high fever
• being unusually sleepy or drowsy

Also, when children have diarrhea, their skin seems to lose its elasticity. It does not flatten back to normal when pinched and released.

Who gets diarrhea?

Anyone can get diarrhea. This common problem can last a day or two or for months or years, depending on the cause. Most people get better on their own, but diarrhea can be serious for babies and older people if lost fluids are not replaced. Many people throughout the world die from diarrhea because of the large volume of water lost and the accompanying loss of salts.

What causes diarrhea?

Diarrhea can be caused by

• bacteria, viruses, or parasites (tiny organisms that live inside a larger organism)
• medicines such as antibiotics
• foods such as milk
• diseases that affect the stomach, small intestine, or colon, such as Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome

Sometimes no cause for diarrhea can be found.

When should I talk to a doctor?

Diarrhea often goes away by itself, but it can be a sign of a more serious problem. You should talk to your doctor if your diarrhea lasts for more than 3 days. You should also call your doctor if you have

• signs of dehydration
• a severe pain in your abdomen or rectum
• a fever of 102°F or higher
• stools that are bloody or black and tarry

Children younger than 12 become dehydrated much more easily than adults. If your child does not improve after 24 hours or has any of the following symptoms along with diarrhea, call the doctor. (This is especially important if your child is 6 months old or younger.)

• stools containing blood or pus
• black stools
• a fever above 101.4°F
• signs of dehydration (see page 4)

What tests might be done?

Your doctor may want to perform tests to find the cause of the diarrhea:

• a physical exam
• stool or blood tests to look for bacteria, parasites, or other signs of disease or infection
• fasting tests to see whether diarrhea goes away when you stop eating a particular food
• a sigmoidoscopy, an examination of the inside of the rectum and part of the colon
• a colonoscopy, an examination of the inside of the whole colon

For a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, the doctor uses a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a lens on the end.

How is diarrhea treated?

In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed.

• Adults should consume broth, soup, fruit juices, soft fruits, or vegetables.
• Children should drink a special liquid that has all the nutrients they need. These solutions are sold without a prescription in grocery stores or drugstores. Pedialyte, Ceralyte, or Infalyte are some examples.

Taking medicine to stop diarrhea can be helpful in some cases. Medicines that are available without a doctor's prescription include loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol and Kaopectate). Stop taking these medicines if symptoms get worse or if diarrhea lasts more than 2 days.

If a particular food or medicine is the cause, you should avoid it.

Also, while you are waiting for the diarrhea to end, you should avoid foods that can make it worse:

• milk and milk products, such as ice cream or cheese
• high-fat or greasy foods, such as fried foods
• foods that have a lot of fiber, such as citrus fruits
• very sweet foods, such as cakes and cookies

As you feel better, begin eating soft, bland food, such as bananas, plain rice, boiled potatoes, toast, crackers, cooked carrots, and baked chicken without the skin or fat. Children can eat bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (sometimes called the BRAT diet).

Traveler's Diarrhea

People who are visiting other countries and eat food or drink water contaminated by bacteria, viruses, or parasites can develop traveler's diarrhea.

You can prevent it by being careful:

• Avoid drinking tap water or using ice cubes made from tap water.
• Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk or eating dairy products made from it.
• Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables unless they can be peeled and you peel them yourself.
• Do not eat raw or rare meat or fish.
• Do not eat meat or shellfish that is not hot when served to you.
• Do not eat food sold by street vendors.

You can safely drink bottled water, carbonated soft drinks, and hot drinks like coffee or tea.

Points to Remember

• Diarrhea is a common problem.
• Diarrhea is caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, some foods or medicines, or diseases that affect the digestive system.
• Diarrhea is dangerous if you become dehydrated.
• Replacing lost fluids is the main treatment for diarrhea.
• Talk to a doctor if you have strong pain in the abdomen or rectum, a fever, blood in your stool, signs of dehydration, or severe diarrhea for more than 3 days (1 day in the case of children).

For More Information

American College of Gastroenterology
4900–B South 31st Street
Arlington, VA 22206–1656
Phone: 703–820–7400
Fax: 703–931–4520
Internet: www.acg.gi.org

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road NE.
Mail Stop G37
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 404–371–5900
Fax: 404–371–5488
Internet: www.cdc.gov

International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
P.O. Box 170864
Milwaukee, WI 53217
Phone: 1–888–964–2001 or 414–964–1799
Fax: 414–964–7176
Email: iffgd@iffgd.org
Internet: www.iffgd.org

North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
P.O. Box 6
Flourtown, PA 19031
Phone: 215–233–0808
Fax: 215–233–3939
Email: naspghan@naspghan.org
Internet: www.naspghan.org

Acknowledgments

The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) would like to thank the following individuals for assisting with scientific and editorial review of this publication.

Mark Donowitz, M.D.
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

John S. Fordtran, M.D.
Baylor University Medical College

Thanks also to Joe Surratt at the Digestive Center of Excellence, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, for facilitating field-testing of this publication.

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse

2 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3570
Phone: 1–800–891–5389
TTY: 1–866–569–1162
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: nddic@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov

The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1980, the Clearinghouse provides information about digestive diseases to people with digestive disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NDDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about digestive diseases.

This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.

NIH Publication No. 05–5176
January 2005